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Lead Isotope Analyses of Metal Objects from the Apa Hoard and Other Early and Middle Bronze Age Items from Romania

    Ernst Pernicka, Bianka Nessel, Mathias Mehofer, Elvira Safta

Archaeologia Austriaca 100/2016, pp. 57-86, 2017/01/09

Zeitschrift zur Archäologie Europas
Journal on the Archaeology of Europe

doi: 10.1553/archaeologia100s57

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doi:10.1553/archaeologia100



doi:10.1553/archaeologia100s57

Abstract

Altogether 29 Early and Middle Bronze Age metal objects from Romania including six from the famous Apa hoard were analysed for their chemical compositions and lead isotope ratios. In order to determine the provenance of the copper, these geochemical signatures were compared with copper ores from geological deposits in central and southeastern Europe, which had been exploited in the Bronze Age. It can be concluded that the copper of the implements from the Apa hoard most likely derives from the east Alpine Mitterberg region while the other Middle and Late Bronze Age objects from Romania largely consist of Slovakian copper.

Keywords: Apa hoard, lead isotope analysis, provenance of copper, Romania, eastern Alps, Slovakia