• Vienna Institute of Demography (Ed.) - Miguel Sánchez-Romero - Michaela Kreyenfeld - Iñaki Permanyer - Michaela Potančoková - Vanessa di Lego (Guest Eds.)

Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2025

Population inequality matters

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The Vienna Yearbook of Population Research is an open access journal that features contributions addressing population trends as well as a broad range of theoretical and methodological issues in population research. Besides Research articles and Review articles, the journal includes Data and Trends contributions, which analyse changes in population dynamics or present databases and data infrastructure. It also features Perspectives articles, which focus on ideas, concepts or theories, as well as invited Debates reflecting on selected questions and issues. Since 2008, the volumes have been devoted to selected themes following special calls for thematic issues.

The 2025 volume of the Vienna Yearbook of Population Research focuses on the role of population inequality in demographic research, particularly, on the interplay between population diversity and social inequality. Besides classical markers of heterogeneity in individual behavior, such as gender, age, education, family status, migration background, urban-rural residence and socio-economic status, other sources of inequality are covered in the volume. They include marginalized populations, such as homeless people, generational and spatial factors as well as emerging trends, such as digitalization. Understanding population inequality is key for modeling population developments and projecting them into the future. Equally important is to understand how and why different types of inequality arise and evolve, and what policy challenges they impose for socio-economic development, welfare systems and social cohesion.

Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
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Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2025
ISSN 1728-4414
Print Edition
ISSN 1728-5305
Online Edition
ISBN 978-3-7001-9681-5
Print Edition
ISBN 978-3-7001-9682-2
Online Edition



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Austrian Academy of Sciences Press
A-1011 Wien, Dr. Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2,
Tel. +43-1-515 81/DW 3420, Fax +43-1-515 81/DW 3400
https://verlag.oeaw.ac.at, e-mail: bestellung.verlag@oeaw.ac.at
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Widowhood, gender and disadvantage in India: Current trends and future trajectories

    K. S. James, Ravi Sadhu, David E. Bloom

Vienna Yearbook of Population Research 2025, pp. 27-41, 2025/12/17

Population inequality matters

doi: 10.1553/p-h8jj-e3c5


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doi:10.1553/p-h8jj-e3c5

Abstract

Widowhood presents significant challenges in India. These challenges will intensify in the next two decades. Both the widow and widower populations will increase, with the proportion of widowed women being continuously greater than that of men. We argue that the current disadvantages faced by widows are poised to grow. Evidence from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India Wave 1 (2017–18) highlights the specific nature of these disadvantages: among Indian adults aged 45 and older, a higher percentage of widows than of widowers do not work, lack financial support, suffer from multimorbidity and functional disabilities and rely on family caregiving. We anticipate that, absent social and policy reforms, widows in India will face increased poverty and ill health due to inadequate safety nets, limited caregiving options and insufficient incomes. In addition to robust national and state initiatives, further research is essential to address the challenges we posit will confront the growing population of widows in India.

Keywords: Widowhood; Disadvantage; India; Ageing; Socioeconomic status; Health

Published Online: 2025/12/17

Object Identifier: 0xc1aa5572 0x00408a9e

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Metrics: https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.1553/p-h8jj-e3c5

Rights: © The Author(s), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2025 This article/book is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) that allows the sharing, use and adaptation in any medium, provided that the user gives appropriate credit, provides a link to the license, and indicates if changes were made.